Fault in civil liability within the framework of electronic intellectual property (A Comparative Study)

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Published: Jun 21, 2026

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Hassanein Diaa Nouri
Asmaa Fadel

Abstract

Fault in civil liability within the framework of electronic intellectual property is a modern topic that has attracted the attention of researchers, as fault in civil liability is the cornerstone upon which it is based. Jurists and legal scholars have differed in defining the nature and concept of fault in its traditional form. We have also examined the jurisprudential opinions that appeared in the traditional discourse, as well as the topic of civil liability and the opinions that were said about it. In addition, we focused on the topic of forms of electronic fault and found that it includes two forms of electronic contractual fault, which arises from a violation of the rules of civil liability in its contractual form, and electronic tortious fault, which originates from an unlawful act

Article Details

How to Cite
Diaa Nouri ح. ., & Fadel أ. . (2026). Fault in civil liability within the framework of electronic intellectual property (A Comparative Study). MIsan Journal of Comparative Legal Studies, 15(1), 790–817. Retrieved from https://uomisan.edu.iq/law/mjcls/index.php/mjcls/article/view/566
Issue
Vol. 15 No. 1 (2026): Maysan Journal of Comparative Legal Studies
Section
Articles

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E.A.Makttoof , Kassim J.K , K.H (2020). Distribution of different forms of phosphorus in calcareous soils from middle and south of Iraq . Al-Qadisiyah Journal For Agriculture Sciences,10, 1, 2020, 293-303.

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ثالثًا: الرسائل والأطاريح الجامعية

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رابعًا :البحوث والدوريات العلمية

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خامسًا:القوانين

- القانون المدني العراقي رقم (40) لسنة 1951.

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سادسًا: الأحكام والقرارات القضائية

- المحكمة العليا في باريس، قرار رقم (20/55967)، 30/10/2020.

- محكمة التمييز الاتحادية العراقية، قرار رقم (1355)، 4/3/2024 (غير منشور).

سابعًا: المواقع الإلكترونية

- سوزان كرنفال، تحديد الأضرار المستحقة لتعويض الأضرار الاقتصادية المستحقة للتعويض، متاح على الرابط: https://www.labase-lextenso.fr/recherche / ، تاريخ الزيارة: 3/2/2026.

- موقع Legifrance، قرار المحكمة العليا في باريس رقم (20/55967)، متاح على الرابط: https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr ، تاريخ الزيارة: 1/12/2026

Sources

First: The Holy Quran

Surah Al-Furqan, Verse.

Second: Books

Ibn Manzur, Lisan al-Arab, Dar al-Fikr.

Dr. Ahmed Abdel-Razzaq Al-Sanhuri, Al-Wasit fi Sharh Al-Qanun Al-Madani (The Intermediate Treatise on Civil Law), 1st ed., Dar Al-Nahda Al-Arabiya, 1981.

Dr. Ahmed Mufleh Khawaldeh, Shurut Al-l'fa min Al-Mas'ula Al-'Aqdiyya (Conditions for Exemption from Contractual Liability): A Comparative Study, 1st ed., Dar Al-Thaqafa for Publishing and Distribution, 2011.

Juma'a Abdel-Moein Lotfi, Mawsu'at Al-Qada' fi Al-Mas'ula Al-Madaniyya (Encyclopedia of Judicial Matters in Civil Liability), Vol. 1, Alam Al-Kutub, 1999.

Reda Metwally Wahdan, Al-Nizam Al-Qanuni lil-'Aqd Al-Iktir wa Al-Mas'ula 'an Al-I'dath Al-Istirabat Al-Istibriya (The Legal System of Electronic Contracts and Liability for Electronic Attacks): A Comparative Study, Dar Al-Fikr wa Al-Qanun, 2013.

Dr. Suleiman Marqas, Al-Wafi fi Sharh Al-Qanun Al-Madani (The Comprehensive Treatise on Civil Law), 5th ed., Mansha'at Al-Ma'arif, 1992.

Dr. Abdullah Mabrouk Al-Najjar, Nutaqat Al-Khat' wa Tatbiqatuhu fi Majal Intihal Al-Mu'allafat (The Scope of Error and its Applications in the Field of Plagiarism): A Comparative Study in Islamic and Positive Jurisprudence, no publisher, no publication year.

Dr. Abd al-Razzaq Ahmad al-Sanhuri, Sources of Obligation, Vol. 2, revised by Mustafa Muhammad al-Fiqi and Abd al-Basit Jami'i, 3rd ed., Dar al-Nahda al-Arabiya, 1987.

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François Terré and Philippe Simler, Droit Civil Les Obligations, Dalloz, Paris.

Third: University Theses and Dissertations

Asma Musa Asaad Abu Srour, The Element of Fault in Tort Liability: A Comparative Study, PhD Dissertation, An-Najah National University, 2006.

Mansour Muhammad Salim Salman, Tort Liability of the Producer: A Comparative Study, Master's Thesis, United Arab Emirates University, 2014.

Fourth: Scientific Research and Journals

Banin Dirgham Hassoun and Majid Majbas Hassan, The Impact of Breach of Implied Contractual Obligations in Iraqi and English Law, Maysan Journal of Comparative Legal Studies, Volume 14, Issue 1-1, 2026, pp. 150-176.

Bakr bin Abdul Latif, Contractual Liability, Research published in the Judicial Journal, Issue 3, 1433 AH.

Hussam Hadi Moula and Prof. Dr. Muthanna Abdul Kadhim Mashaf, Compensation for the Fetus for Consequential Damage, Maysan Journal of Comparative Legal Studies, 2025.

Omar Ahmed Abdul Munim Dabash, The Nature and Elements of Tort Liability, Sawt Al-Qanun Journal, 2019.

Mahmoud Adel Mahmoud, Civil Protection of Copyright in the Digital Environment, 2019.

Milad Karim Rahma and Majid Majbas Hassan, Liability for Breach of Contractual Warranty, 2026.

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Fifth: Laws

Iraqi Civil Code No. (40) of 1951.

French Civil Code.

Egyptian Civil Code.

Iraqi Copyright Protection Law No. (3) of 1971.

Egyptian Intellectual Property Rights Protection Law.

French Intellectual Property Law.

Sixth: Judicial Rulings and Decisions

Paris Supreme Court, Decision No. (20/55967), October 30, 2020.

Iraqi Federal Court of Cassation, Decision No. (1355), March 4, 2024 (unpublished).

Seventh: Websites

Suzanne Carneval, Determining the Damages Due for Compensation of Economic Damages, available at: https://www.labase-lextenso.fr/recherche/, accessed February 3, 2026.

Legifrance website, Paris Supreme Court Decision No. (20/55967), available at: https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr accessed December 1, 2026