The nature of the electronic document and the obligations arising from it (A comparative study)

Main Article Content

Murtadha Salam Husse

Abstract

The development of modern means of communication has led to the emergence of the concept of the electronic document, which is represented by a group of documents that are collected, stored, or sent and replaced with electronic tools. These documents have characteristics that give them a unique character and distinguish them from many similar documents, especially since it is based on three pillars, writing, signature, and electronic support, and these documents have a legal force of proof equal to the strength of paper documents, The French and Iraqi to legislators have regulated this authority according to certain controls that have been discussed in order to reach the legal argument for these documents and clarify the various provisions that regulate it

Article Details

How to Cite
Salam Husse م. . (2025). The nature of the electronic document and the obligations arising from it (A comparative study). MIsan Journal of Comparative Legal Studies, 1(12), 288–313. Retrieved from https://uomisan.edu.iq/law/mjcls/index.php/mjcls/article/view/360
Section
Articles

References

First: books

- Al-Tahafi, Sameh, 2008, Online Contracting, Dar Al-Kutub Al-Lawaniyya, Egypt.

- Al-Mutalaqa, Muhammad, 2008, Al-Wajeez in Electronic Commerce Contracts, Dar Al-Thaqafa for Publishing and Distribution, Amman.

- Ally, Hassan, Proof of Transactions Concluded via the Internet, Dar Al-Nahda Al-Arabiya, Cairo.

- Hosni, Mahmoud, 2013, Explanation of the Special Penal Code, Dar Al-Nahda Al-Arabiya, Cairo.

- Zahra, Muhammad, 2008, Civil Protection for E-Commerce, Dar Al-Nahda Al-Arabiya, Cairo.

- Qasim, Hadi, 2002, Legal Regulation of E-Commerce, University of Mosul.

- Obaidan, Lawrence, 2005, Proof of the Electronic Editor, Dar Al-Thaqafa for Publishing and Distribution, 1st edition.

- Lotfy, Muhammad, 2020, The Legal Framework for E-Commerce, Dar Al-Nahda Al-Arabiya, Cairo.

- Mujahid, Osama, 2000, Privacy of Contracting via the Internet, Dar Al-Nahda Al-Arabiya.

Second: Messages

Ali, Belaish, 2019, Criminal Protection of Electronic Documents, Master’s Thesis, Abdel Hamid University, Algeria.

Ali, Omar, 2019, Criminal Protection of Electronic Documents, Master’s Thesis, Middle East University, Amman.

Third: Research

Ahmed Abd Zaid Hassan Al-Shammari, Provisions of Electronic Administrative Decision, A Comparative Study, research published in the Misan Journal of Comparative Legal Studies, University of Misan, Issue (10), Volume (1) for the year 2024.

Ashour, Ameel Jabbar,"Criminal liability against perpetrators of economic crimes", International Journal of Innovation, Creativity and Change, 2019, 9(2), pp. 285–299.

Ashour, Ameel Jabbar. "Criminal Confrontation for Drug Offenses in Penal Legislations." Rigeo 11.4 (2021).

Bakr, Ismat, 2013, The Role of Scientific Techniques in Proof, No. 2, Journal of Legislation and Judiciary, Baghdad.

Hussein Abdullah Abdul Redha and Ahmed Hashim Abd, arbitration in electronic works contract disputes, a comparative study, research published in the Misan Journal of Comparative Legal Studies, University of Misan, Issue (Ninth), Volume (1) for the year 2023.

Jaber Hussein Ali Al-Tamimi and Ahmed Hamza Nasser Al-Khafaji, the status of electronic documents in light of the rules of proof of legal acts in light of Iraqi legislation, research published in the Misan Journal of Comparative Legal Studies, Misan University, Issue (2) Volume (1) for the year 2020

Sahib, Nada, 2016, The legal validity of electronic documents and methods of challenging them, Lark Journal of Philosophy, Linguistics and Social Sciences, Wasit University.

Fourth: Laws

The European Directive Act of 1997 relating to remote consumer protection.

French Law No. 2000-23 relating to the introduction of information technology related to electronic signature issued on March 13, 2000 amending the French Civil Code.

UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Signatures of 2011.

Electronic Signature and Electronic Transactions Law of 2012.

Fifth: Foreign References

Bensoussan, Alian,1999, Cryptologie et signature électronique, hier mes science publications. Paris.

Gobert, Didier. 2013. Montero, Etienne, Cahiers du crid, N17.

Philippe, Dimitri ou, 2000, d'application du droit de la cryptologie en matiered sécurité des réseaux information, ecoledoctorale N74, université de Lille.

Trourneau, Philippe, 2004, contrats informatiquement électroniques, Dalloz, Paris.

Valérie sedaillance, 1991, preuve et signature électronique, Montione, Droite de la preuve face aux nouvelles technologies de l'information, Cahiers du crid, n.7.

Virginie, Sebag, 2011, étrennée le développement de la signature électronique, master 2 recherche droite des affaires université, Paris.