Legislative Deficiency in the Provisions of Procedures Restricting Personal Freedom " A comparative study "

Main Article Content

Ali Kareem Shajar
Ban Hikmat Abdul kareem

Abstract

Legislative deficiency is a natural phenomenon that cannot be avoided. Its prevalence and generality in all legislation is due not only to the deficiency inherent in the nature of those responsible for making legislation, but also to their failure to take into account the sound foundations in legislative formulation when enacting or amending legislation, or to the inability of the legislation itself to keep pace with the facts of renewed and evolving life.


 The provisions of criminal procedures, especially those restricting personal freedom, such as arrest and detention included in the Code of Criminal Procedure, have not been spared from the prevalence and generality of the phenomenon of legislative deficiency, which prevents the achievement of the desired goal or purpose and weakens its ability to satisfy the needs for which it was legislated, and this ability may be completely absent

Article Details

How to Cite
Kareem Shajar ع. ., & Hikmat Abdul kareem ب. . . (2025). Legislative Deficiency in the Provisions of Procedures Restricting Personal Freedom " A comparative study ". MIsan Journal of Comparative Legal Studies, 1(12), 314–348. Retrieved from https://uomisan.edu.iq/law/mjcls/index.php/mjcls/article/view/361
Section
Articles

References

First - Books:

Abdul Hay Hijazi, Introduction to Legal Sciences Studies, Vol. 1, Law, Kuwait University Publications, 1972.

Abdul Qader Al-Shakhili, Legal Drafting, Dar Al-Thaqafa for Publishing and Distribution, Jordan, 1st ed., 2014.

Adel Yousef Al-Shukri, The Art of Drafting the Penal Text, 1st ed., Zain Legal and Literary Publications, Beirut, 2017.

Ahmed Al Mahdi and Ashraf Shafei, Arrest, Search and Flagrante delicto, Dar Al Adala for Publishing and Distribution, Cairo, 2007.

Ahmed Fathy Sorour, The Mediator in the Penal Code, General Section, 6th ed., Dar Al Nahda Al Arabiya, Cairo, 1996.

Amal Abdel Rahim Othman, Explanation of the Criminal Procedure Code, Egyptian General Book Authority, Cairo, 1991.

Amin Mustafa Muhammad, Problems of Pretrial Detention between its Restrictions and Compensation for It, Dar Al Nahda Al Arabiya, Cairo.

Bashir Saad Zaghloul, Legal Rules for Pretrial Detention and its Alternatives, Dar Al Nahda Al Arabiya, Cairo, 2010.

Fouad Ali Al-Rawi, Arrest of the Accused in Iraqi Legislation, 1st ed., Ishtar Press and Offset, Baghdad, 1983.

Haidar Adham Abdel Hadi, Principles of Legal Drafting, 1st ed., Dar Hamed for Publishing and Distribution, 2009.

Hassan Al Jokhdar, Preliminary Investigation in the Criminal Procedure Code, 2nd ed., Dar Al Thaqafa for Publishing and Distribution, Jordan, 2011.

Hassan Kira, Introduction to Law, Dar Al Maaref, Alexandria, no year of publication.

Ibrahim Hamed Tantawi, Pretrial Detention, A Study of the Texts of Egyptian and French Legislation and Some Arab Legislation, Dar Al Fikr Al Arabi, Alexandria.

Ismat Abdul Majeed Bakr, Legislation Problems, 1st ed., Dar Al-Kotob Al-Ilmiyyah, Beirut, 2014.

Kamal Abdul Wahid Al-Jawhari, Legislative Deficiency and the Authority of the Criminal Judge, A Comparative Theoretical and Applied Study, 1st ed., International Academic Center, Cairo, 1994.

Raouf Obeid, Arrest and Search in Their Important Scientific Aspects, 1st ed., Al-Wafa Legal Library, Alexandria, 2012.

Raouf Obeid, Principles of the General Section of Penal Legislation, Al-Wafa Legal Library, Alexandria, 2015.

Saeed Ahmed Bayoumi, The Language of Law in Light of Textual Science - A Study in Textual Coherence - Dar Al-Kotob Al-Qanuniyah, Cairo, 1st ed., 2010.

Saleh Mahsoub, The Art of Judiciary, Al-Ani Press, Baghdad, 1st ed., 1982.

Salem Omar, Electronic Monitoring is a Modern Method for Implementing the Penalty of Deprivation of Liberty Outside Prison Walls, 1st ed., Dar Al-Nahda Al-Arabiya, Cairo, 2000.

Sami Al-Nasrawi, A Study in the Principles of Criminal Trials, Vol. 1, Dar Al-Salam Press, Baghdad, 1977.

Samir Abdel Sayed Tanago, The General Theory of Law, Al-Maaref Establishment in Alexandria, 1974.

Sardar Ali Aziz, The Legal Scope of Preliminary Investigation Procedures, Dar Al-Kotob Al-Qanuniyah, Cairo, 2001.

Yousef Abdel Moneim Al-Ahwal, Compensation for Pre-trial Detention in French Legislation, Dar Al-Nahda Al-Arabiya, Cairo.

Second - Theses and Dissertations:

Kazem Abdullah Hussein Al-Shammari, Arrest as a Procedure that Infringes Personal Freedom "A Comparative Study" Master's Thesis submitted to the College of Law, University of Baghdad, 1992.

Muhammad Ahmad Ramadan, The Role of the Judge in Establishing the Civil Legal Rule, a Master's Thesis submitted to the College of Law, University of Baghdad, 1985.

Muhammad Jabbar Atwih, Justice in Iraqi Criminal Law, a doctoral thesis submitted to the College of Law, University of Nahrain, 2019.

Raad Faraj Fatih Al-Rawi, The Origin and Exception in the Iraqi Criminal Procedure Code, a doctoral thesis submitted to the College of Law, Tikrit University, 2014.

Sari Hatem Majeed, The Supreme Judicial Council and its Role in Criminal Procedures, a doctoral thesis submitted to the College of Law, Tikrit University, 2020.

Third - Research:

Ashour, Ameel Jabbar & Wahab, H.A."The legal framework for the protection of the air under international conventions" ,Social Sciences (Pakistan), 2016, 11(14), pp. 3490–3494.

Ashour, Ameel Jabbar, and Dina Attia Mashaf. "Legislative deficiency in the procedural aspect of information crime." Rigeo 11.5 (2021).‏

Ashour, Ameel Jabbar," Criminal measures to combat administrative corruption in Iraq Medidas penales para combatir la corrupción administrativa en Irak" Opcion, 2018, 34(Special Issue 17), pp. 572–596.

Ashour, Ameel Jabbar,"Criminal liability against perpetrators of economic crimes", International Journal of Innovation, Creativity and Change, 2019, 9(2), pp. 285–299.

Ashour, Ameel Jabbar,"National and international mechanisms to combat the trafficking in Persons: An Iraqi case study", International Journal of Innovation, Creativity and Change, 2019, 10(8), pp. 25–42.

Ashour, Ameel Jabbar. "Criminal Confrontation for Drug Offenses in Penal Legislations." Rigeo 11.4 (2021).

Eala' nafie katafat wa'akharuna, damanat huquq al'ansan wahuriyaatih fi dustur jumhuriat aleiraq lisanat 2005, wa'atharuha fi muajahat jarayim alaitijar bialbashari, dirasat muqaranati, bahath manshur fi majalat maysan lildirasat alqanuniati, aleudadi(4), almujaladi1, 2021.

Eismat eabd almajid bakr, min mushkilat tafsir alqanuni" altafsir fi halat 'aneidam alnus", bahth manshur fi almajalat alearabiat lilfiqh walqada'i, alsaadirat ean alamanat alfaniyat limajlis wuzara' aleadl alearabi, jamieat alduwal alearabiati, eadad31, 2005.

Hassan Al-Dharifi, The extent of the judge's freedom towards the law, Al-Qada Magazine, issued by the Bar Association in Baghdad, Issue 2-3, Eleventh Year, 1953.

Hussein Jassim Shati, Compensation of the accused for arbitrary detention, a comparative study, a research published in the Maysan Journal of Legal Studies, Issue (8), Volume 1, 2023.

khalid dhiab eabaas aleazaawiu, taruq alajbar ealaa alhudur fi altashrie aljazayiyi aleiraqii, bahath muqadam 'iilaa almaehad alqadayiy, 1995.

Nis Hasib Al-Sayed Al-Mahlawi, Invalidity of precautionary measures against the accused in the Egyptian Criminal Procedure Code, a research published in the Journal of Sharia and Law, Issue 35, Part 2, 2020.

Osama Ghazi Mazhar, Legal organization of inspection, a comparative study, a research published in the Maysan Journal of Legal Studies, Issue (6), Volume 1, 2022.

saed jabaar alsuwdani, alqusur fi alsiyaghat altashrieiat - dirasat muqaranati- majalat alhuquqi, kuliyat alqanuni, aljamieat almustansiriat, alsanat alsaadisati, eadad 18, 2012 .

Fourth – Laws:

- Egyptian Criminal Procedure Code No. (150) of 1950, as amended

- The French Criminal Procedure Code of 1958, as amended

- Criminal Procedure Code No. (23) of 1971, as amended.